The History of French Claret Wine: How It All Began

Claret is not just a wine, but a symbol of a centuries-old history closely linked with France, England, and world culture. This term, which the British borrowed for the red wines of Bordeaux, has roots in medieval Europe. Today, we will delve into the history of claret, uncovering its origins and evolution from a light wine to a full-bodied masterpiece of winemaking.

Ancient Roots of French Winemaking

The history of French wine dates back over 2600 years, to the era of Greek colonization of Southern Gaul. The Phocaeans founded Massalia (modern-day Marseille) in the 6th century BC, bringing with them the culture of viticulture. Archaeological findings indicate that the Celts were already cultivating Vitis vinifera grapes before the Greeks — seeds have been found throughout France, older than the Greco-Roman period.

The Romans elevated winemaking to a new level. In Narbonese Gaul, the Allobroges, a Celtic people, were granted the right to produce wine. Roman technologies — from planting vines to barrels — spread across the provinces, laying the foundation for modern appellations.

Bordeaux and the Birth of Claret: A Marriage That Changed Everything

The history of claret, as the British call the red wines of Bordeaux, begins with a dynastic marriage in 1152. Eleanor of Aquitaine, who controlled Bordeaux, married Henry Plantagenet, the future King of England Henry II. After ascending the throne in 1154, Bordeaux came under English influence.

This union initiated a "love affair" between Britain and Bordeaux. Wine from Bordeaux flowed abundantly to England, becoming a staple on British tables. Thanks to the ideal port and tax benefits, by the 13th century, three-quarters of the wine in England came from Bordeaux. British demand shaped the style of the wines: they were made light and fresh, to suit the English taste.

The Origin of the Name "Claret"

The word "claret" comes from the French "clairet" — "light" or "pale." In the Middle Ages, Bordeaux red wines were much lighter than today, closer to rosé. The British, accustomed to such vibrant drinks, called them claret. Over time, in the 18th century, advances in winemaking made the wines darker and fuller-bodied — they began to be called "new French claret."

Trade ties with England lasted for three centuries, allowing Bordeaux to develop faster than other regions. The wine became the cheapest in London, winning the hearts of the English.

The Influence of the Dutch and Monks on Evolution

The Dutch played a key role in transforming Bordeaux wines. They introduced blending varieties from different regions for cuvées, improving light wines. Dutch engineers drained the Medoc swamps, creating conditions for elite vineyards. By the end of the 17th century, "first growths" like Lafite, Latour, and Margaux appeared.

Monks also contributed. The Cistercians owned vineyards in Burgundy, like Clos de Vougeot and Romanée-Conti. The Pontigny Abbey was the first to produce wine from Chardonnay. In 1531, a monk from Languedoc discovered sparkling wine, although champagne is attributed to Dom Perignon.

Claret as a Symbol of British Culture

Claret transcended the status of wine — it became a symbol of the British upper class. Even after the Hundred Years' War (1337–1453), when Bordeaux returned to France, trade continued. British influence persisted: Bordeaux became the capital of wine trade, and England its center.

In the 19th century, Chaptal introduced chaptalization — adding sugar to increase alcohol. The AOC system in 1935 protected names like Bordeaux and champagne.

Modern Claret: A Legacy of the Past

Today, claret is synonymous with Bordeaux red wines made from Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, and Cabernet Franc. The region produces elite crus, costing thousands of euros. The British still call them claret, preserving the tradition.

The history of claret is a story of trade, innovation, and cultural connections. From Greek colonists to English kings, from light wines to grand crus — claret has evolved but retained its charm. Next time you savor a glass of Bordeaux, remember Eleanor and her marriage that started the legend.

Interesting Facts About Claret

• By the 13th century, 75% of wine in England was from Bordeaux.
• The name comes from "clairet" due to its light color.
• The Dutch created Medoc for grand crus.
• Claret is a symbol of the British elite.

This story inspires wine enthusiasts worldwide. Try claret — and feel the echoes of medieval feasts!